Pre-Rizal Philippine Literature: Myths, Epics, and Early Chronicles
By Karl Garcia
Before the emergence of José Rizal and the nationalist literary movement of the late 19th century, the Philippines already possessed a rich tapestry of oral traditions, epics, legends, and early written works. These narratives, rooted in the pre-colonial, indigenous, and early colonial experiences of various ethnolinguistic groups, provide a window into Filipino society’s values, cosmology, and social structures long before the modern conception of nationhood.
Creation Myths and Cosmogony
One of the most widely recognized stories from early Philippine oral literature is Malakas at Maganda, the Tagalog creation myth. This tale, which recounts the emergence of the first man and woman from a split bamboo, reflects not only the society’s understanding of origins but also its symbolic notions of duality, complementarity, and balance. Other cosmogonic narratives include the myths surrounding Bathala, the supreme deity of the Tagalog people, and Kabunian, the high god of the Cordilleran communities. These myths often serve to explain natural phenomena, establish moral order, and legitimize social hierarchies.
Epic Narratives of Heroism
The Philippines’ diverse ethnolinguistic groups produced a number of epics that continue to define the heroic imagination of early Filipino society. The Biag ni Lam-ang, an Ilocano epic, recounts the adventures of its titular hero, who possesses extraordinary abilities and undertakes a journey of vengeance, love, and self-discovery. Similarly, the Hinilawod of the Sulod people of Panay presents a sprawling narrative of heroes, divine interventions, and moral trials, highlighting the interconnectedness of the human and supernatural worlds.
In Mindanao, the Darangen epic of the Maranao people chronicles the exploits of noble warriors and rulers, emphasizing themes of honor, leadership, and societal responsibility. The Bagani tales, prevalent among various Visayan and Mindanaoan communities, further celebrate the archetype of the warrior, reflecting the pre-colonial culture of martial valor and community defense. Amaya, another Mindanaoan epic, tells the story of a princess-warrior navigating political intrigue and familial legacy, portraying the agency and courage of women in pre-Hispanic society.
Legendary and Historical Accounts
Beyond myths and epics, early Filipinos also produced legendary narratives with quasi-historical elements. The story of Marikudo and Datu Puti, central to the Maragtas, narrates the arrival of ten Bornean datus to Panay and the establishment of early settlements. While the historicity of Maragtas is debated, it preserves the collective memory of migration, trade, and sociopolitical organization prior to Spanish colonization.
The Code of Kalantiaw, purportedly a 15th-century Visayan legal code, represents another attempt to articulate societal norms, rules, and governance. Though later scholarship casts doubt on its authenticity, colonial-era references to the code illustrate the Spanish recognition of pre-existing systems of law and order among indigenous communities. Early chronicles and oral traditions of figures like Lakan Dula and Rajah Humabon further reflect the political structures of pre-Hispanic Manila and Cebu, as well as the complex interactions with traders, settlers, and neighboring polities.
Poetic and Didactic Works
While epics often circulated orally, some works were formalized in written form prior to Rizal. Notably, Florante at Laura, composed by Francisco Balagtas in 1838, is a Tagalog poetic epic that combines romance, moral instruction, and commentary on social hierarchy. Its sophisticated use of rhyme, meter, and allegory reflects the influence of Spanish literary forms while retaining distinctly Filipino themes. Other early literary forms included awit and corrido—narrative poems in verse—and religious texts like the Doctrina Christiana (1593), which introduced literacy in Tagalog and other languages using both Latin script and the indigenous Baybayin.
Oral traditions also encompassed folk legends and siday, which explained natural landmarks (Alamat ng Bulkang Mayon), moral behavior (Alamat ng Pinya), or social norms. In addition, devotional narratives such as the Pasyon, recounting the life and death of Christ, became a medium for moral and spiritual education.
Themes and Cultural Significance
Across these diverse genres, several themes emerge consistently. Pre-Rizal literature emphasizes heroism, communal responsibility, moral virtue, and the interplay between humans and the supernatural. It preserves genealogies, leadership ideals, and the socio-political organization of indigenous communities. Female agency is not absent; figures like Amaya and certain characters in Biag ni Lam-ang demonstrate courage, wisdom, and moral authority. Creation myths, meanwhile, provide cosmological frameworks that underpin social norms and ethical behavior.
These pre-Rizal works also reveal early Filipino engagement with external influences, from Bornean migration in the Visayas to trade and cultural exchange with Southeast and East Asian neighbors. Even as Spanish colonial rule began to dominate, these narratives persisted, often blending indigenous beliefs with European forms, setting the stage for later literary expressions during the nationalist movement.
Conclusion
The pre-Rizal literary landscape of the Philippines is a testament to the richness, diversity, and resilience of indigenous thought. From creation myths like Malakas at Maganda to epic heroes in Biag ni Lam-ang, from legendary settlements in Maragtas to poetic mastery in Florante at Laura, these works collectively document a society deeply aware of its history, moral universe, and social fabric. Figures like Amaya and the Bagani warriors highlight a culture that valued courage, honor, and agency, providing timeless narratives that continue to inform Filipino identity and imagination.
In studying these pre-Rizal texts, one not only appreciates their literary artistry but also gains insight into the Philippines’ historical consciousness, cultural continuity, and the foundation upon which modern nationalism would later emerge.
The Society of Honor by Joe America 
OT or maybe ang Alamat ni Bato: (alternate title: maoy sa Senado)
https://www.facebook.com/share/v/1Go8ntL97j/
ahem, that was missed opportunity! had it been me, I would have tasered him, or shot him! for resisting arrest, the way they previously shot drug suspects for resisting arrest. sa panahon ni duterte, thousands of drug suspects were systematically shot for resisting arrest, with ex pnp chief and top henchman bato in the thick of it. methink it is only proper that bato be given a taste of his own medicine. see how he like it.
Kawawa yung isag taga senate sgt at arms ginulpi ng mfa taga NBI.Ang gulo kagabi
sayang, not there when they are needed. asan na yong 18 retired ex marines destabilisers rumored to be angling for coup, disorganised pala sila at could not be there immediately at the senate to give NBI a full run for their money and at the same time, stage a coup.
pero, konting hicup lang yan, sgt at arms can take a punch on the chin, like a man. part of his job being ready for eventualities, it’s in his resume. since he got in harm’s way, nagulpi siya. he knew he was outnumbered, but got in the way anyway, regardless.
Mas madami nbi next time. Obstruction of justice ang ikaso nila
There is the Looney Tunes version of what happened, Facebook video below:
daghang salamat, po. first time ko pong nakita kung gaano kabilis tumakbo si senator iyakin. sa sobrang dali, he stumbled and lost balance. tapos, sa luob ng senado, senator iyakin become senator hysterical, strongly banging his fist on the desk to stress his point, and looking like a constipated peon other times, at times surprisingly lost for words and hyperventilating, though banging his head on the desk instead of his fist would have looked much better.
casting the 13th vote to unseat senate president sotto, senator iyakin also known as senator hysterical, become senator implorer, begging president marcos not to send him to ICC. but marcos is playing themis, and justice will see the day.
now that dust is settling, five senators have told senator iyakin to face that which he is running away from: justice!
apparently, the senate is not sanctuary for the criminals. though some senator supporters of senator iyakin are likewise to face justice of their own, sins of grand embezzlement they are accused of.
yeah, it is okay pala to serve warrant of arrest sa luob ng senado in session gaya ng nangyari nina ex senators delima and trillanes who were much were braver and did not evade arrest.
senator iyakin admitted being ashamed, off work and hiding and at the same time, receiving full pay. if iyakin is indeed ashamed and remorseful, he could return his pay for the 6 months he was off work and hiding.
obstruction of justice ang ikakaso sa kanya, for evading arrest and shoving aside the two female police officers who were about to serve him arrest warrant and then, him bounding up the stairs like a rabbit whose tail is on fire!
for a senator and ex chief of police, iyakin ought to apologize to the female police officers who were just doing their job.
weird stuff happened just today.. FB video below:
https://fb.watch/H4jHJ5a_qu/
ten shots fired and no casualty! even I can manage better despite.
more like the shots fired by retired loonies and ex servicemen out of practice: pananakot their target.
shooters cannot just vanish and dissipate. there are cctvs in the premise and their images should be on it. and not just images of those task with security of the building. cctv even caught someone smoking weed from the toilet a while back, group of armed shooters pa kaya!
https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/nation/2026/5/14/senate-timeline-what-happened-on-may-13-2026-0040
thanks. shooting was scripted: staged. ma-drama yang faction ni duterte. all done to let bato escaped arrest yet again, this time right under sp cayetano’s nose.
shooting news made news overseas. my friends in australia saw it on primetime t.v. and were concerned about the lawlessness of trigger happy filipinos.
I am more interested on eurovision song contest. boy george singing for italy got voted out. my aussie friends are rooting for their candidate.
This is what Christian Esguerra has to say about all that: (FB video)
https://www.facebook.com/reel/991402770075184
and of course, Kowboy Santos is right about Bato’s singing (FB video):
https://fb.watch/H5yr6lDvyE/
painful to watch! he looks constipated and in need of laxative!
agree so with christian esguerra, the new majority virtually shoot their own feet and killed off what little is left of the senate’s reputation. cayetano is bad sp, so partisan and cannot impose law and order. his idea of what an arrest is, is tied to politics, not justice.
bato seemingly showed up to provide the 13th vote needed for cayetano to become new sp. then bato disappeared yet again with cayetano’s blessing. and bato will likely show up again on the final day of impeachment deliberations just to cast his vote. and like a run away bride, bato will disappear yet again even before impeachment votes are counted!
the new majority are summat eager to put their grubby hands on sara’s impeachment: 100% they’ll let her go free.
I think, there should be rule that those senators who are so blatantly partisan that they cannot be trusted to be impartial, should abstain from voting, or forbidden to vote. like in a jury, they have to be chosen, tested and only allowed to sit on trial after proving their probity.
On topic, I asked Claude about the connection between Sulu and Sri-Vijaya romance dramas (I had seen some on CNA documentaries, including a royal romance where Sulu young ladies wearing hijab were very obviously kilig when hearing about it) and Filipino dramas before and today and got this:
I also asked whether the appeal of Voltes V was actually due to the Ned Armstrong / Prince Zardoz arc being hikayat and got this:
I followed up on the 2023 version and got this:
extremely interesting, all of this..
Tangential fun reading:
I did a synthesis topic of Philippine urban legends and revolutionary mythology.
The actual “thesis” itself is weighty; the longform essay in the style of National Geographic’s “The Big Idea” is something that can be read over lunch. Explains some things about why Western-facing Philippine liberals can’t figure out why the masa won’t vote for their policies and candidates (hint: there are two completely different, concurrent operating systems).
https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/sblg992h3tfhulywxl4d0/ABhwJmYvPttaLadpH8TJqY4?rlkey=d1rgn27wiy47kt18ur5erlf92&e=1&st=h3t2dd1q&dl=0
https://claude.ai/public/artifacts/a727e143-b63c-4c35-ac5e-a4e7135d9b85
these days, candidates dont have to win seats to be influential, lose today, win tomorrow, like chiel diokno, lost before, now elected congressman. like trillanes, still very much in the news and in the headlines pa, despite losing the election. baste duterte won seat in congress and yet, he is more or less invisible, people pay more attention to the prices of electricity and diesel than to him. imee marcos is now is senator marites according to ogi diaz. sara duterte won as vp but if facing impeachment. senator bato de larosa nearly lost two of his fingers! but with arrest warrant, he could lose his head!
senate president sotto got plonked and replaced by whey faced senator cayetano. but it is doubtful cayetano will not last long in the seat that has habit of upstaging who sits on it.
winning is not really everything! the winners may have access to kaban ng bayan and untold wealth, but there is there is a big catch! overstep their mark and they could end up like zaldy co who is now seeking asylum in france, martin romualdez is besieged left, right and center with corruption and extortion galore.
erring elected officials only recourse now is to side with dubious officials, safety in numbers.
I have read the National Geographic article before breakfast and yes the stuff mentioned is mostly familiar to me..
..though I do believe there are crossovers between the cultures mentioned – the Katipunan was one, enlightened yet strong on symbolism. Bonifacio had read Jefferson and Rizal, but went to the cave where Bernardo Carpio (the Hidden King of the Philippines) was allegedly buried.
TSOH author Will Villanueva (a veteran of EDSA 1986) warned fellow yellows on Facebook years ago against being like the Lapiang Malaya of 1967 (whose head was a Bikolano BTW, just like Will – or my father, Bikol itself being a place where logic and legend converge, my father’s closest to myth-building being his declaring an ancient tomb in a museum in Naga as being that of Handyong himself) but also told me “Irineo, in the Philippines, belief is what rules”.
Will after he stopped his writing spree here was with a prayer group that massed in a lot of places including in front of the Philippine Senate when Trillanes was threatened with arrest, staying there for nights on end. Will was always a prominent figure there with his hat and Philippine flag. The irony is that after some days, the group around Elly Pamatong, the “USAFFE President of the Philippines”, massed in black uniforms in front of the Senate to “protect Trillanes”..
now am I surprised that Will is one of those who will NOT believe that VP Leni was not cheated in the 2022 elections? I respect the man nonetheless.
BTW it was a pattern in the Third Republic – readable in classic history books like Agoncillo, even if these have weaknesses, that every election had heavy “mudslinging” as he called it, and every group that lost said it had been cheated.
Will take time to read the other stuff on Thursday which is a holiday over here. More detailed comments in due time.
Anyhow, there also were quasi-religious elements in 1986 yellow. Even now there is a convergence between some of Ma’am Leni’s followers in Bikol and devotees of Ina, the Lady of Penafrancia in Naga. Mayor Leni herself is a known devotee who takes part every year.
Of course the part of the Kakampink crowd I mildly mocked as Starbucks wokes understands neither the belief system of classic yellows nor the very solid support of the Catholic and Penafrancia shaped Bikolano followers of Ma’am Leni. The Bikol Society of Austria rents a ship every year and takes the lady of Penafrancia down the Danube to hold a mass near Vienna. Some of them are very respected veteran UN employees whom I got to know due to Kakampink back in 2022.
OK, skimmed it and let Claude make a summary:
This was Google Gemini’s summary of the five institutional voids:
OK, with this, a talented person can either craft a solution or agitate something like China’s Tai’ping rebellion.
Sorry I’ve been a bit busy the last days.
The through line of where I was trying to go with my (fun) analysis is that part of the problem with how to move forward in the Philippines is that whatever new knowledge ended up as highly derivative which in a way becomes a problem of reductiveness — something I think Francis was getting at as well.
While the “thesis” and the “article” might have been at-face about conspiracy theories, freemasonry, Christianity and how all the above syncretized with native beliefs, the research was more about the failure of a number of factors, two prominent failures which are:
• The failure of the Philippine elite to harness syncretized knowledge and belief that developed among the masa.
• The failure of the Philippine elite to create a durable universalist narrative that could become a tool towards the political goal.
In the absence of elite institutional failure, it’s not surprising that the masa developed their own narratives, which so far have been effectively deployed by politicians such as the Dutertes.
yes of course.. though after the analysis of the document, I asked Claude to check out Mayor Leni, Angat Buhay, kagayonan and the Ina devotion in Naga which she and a lot of her followers are part of and this came out:
I also asked about the Bikol Society in Austria organizing a yearly Penafrancia along the Danube and got this:
Just wondering if that and VP Leni’s “No Saviours” you described is something equally rooted and native that can be a potential counterforce to HSC.
Besides, HSC is not even necessarily something exclusively Filipino..
there is the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyffh%C3%A4user legend that was an integral part of 19th century German nationalism, for instance:
There was the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth about “who made Germany lose WW1” and there are the totally crazy “Reichsbürger” of modern Germany (often also AfD members) who believe the German Reich never legally ceased to exist and that the Federal Republic is not a legitimate state.
these kinds of legends in different cultures are made in culture-specific ways by groups of people who feel like losers in one or many ways.
It took the better organized democracy of West Germany to make the German version of democracy and capitalism attractive to people.
And the present threat of AfD is due to people feeling both left out (as regions, especially East Germany) or left poor.
Sure, the Philippines has the specific Pasyon victimhood narrative that Ileto identified, but the only way out of a victimhood narrative is to give people a sense that they can move out of victimhood and can save themselves. Angat Buhay is unto something there – convincing people is the hard part.
I had a dialogue with Claude on a possible solution versus HSC reformulated by ChatGPT and got this:
I must admit that you shocked me a bit with your analysis.. but seen from an IT security standpoint, I will treat it as having identified vulnerabilities.
Because based on this old comment I finally found by a poster who came in and left quickly, these vulnerabilities were “hacked” long ago:
https://joeam.com/2017/04/12/the-philippines-expendable-in-the-new-world-order/#comment-214265 – bold by me:
https://joeam.com/2017/04/12/the-philippines-expendable-in-the-new-world-order/#comment-214329 this also:
so probably the team of 2013 found something similar to HSC and rode on it with the results we see now.
Well the next task is how to deal with the known vulnerability – even if it ain’t as simple as a patch, or an upgrade.
the downloads of the automotive stuff are increasing though..
if just one of those people has competence or influence or access to those two.. stuff might yet happen
P.S. this was the status on April 25 – 22 days ago:
This is great. I wonder if potential readers would become discouraged at the length (though most of the text is double-spaced with intentionally blank pages).
I also found time to query ChatGPT about the similarity of the HSC to some other stuff:
then I asked if only a fully democratic and prosperous Philippines would reduce HSC to fringe:
re the dormant stuff I asked about the whacknut “Reichsbürger” of present-day Germany as an analogy:
The saddest realization is that in the Philippines the improvement necessary to have people move away from the millenarian pull is probably not even that much improvement. The Lapiang Malaya which had descended from the 1920s Colorum movements retreated to the mountains of Nueva Vizcaya after the 1967 “Bloody Sunday” uprising/massacre, becoming the Vucal ng Pananampalataya where they are largely peaceful (and irrelevant) today.
Be prepared to be more shocked.
On the late afternoon of November 8, 2016 I recall feeling an uneasy confidence that Hillary Clinton would secure a slim, but definitive victory. As the evening went on and election ballots were counted in voting districts across the US, I increasily felt ill. When the “Blue Wall” Midwestern Rust Belt states started falling one by one I felt positively nauseous; a feeling I had never had in politics. The empty podium at the Clinton HQ around 2:30AM New York local time (just before midnight on the US West Coast) made it clear that Clinton had lost… I had become a borderline teetotaler by that point for about a decade, yet I found myself staring blankly at bottles of alcohol at the liquor store, not remembering how I got there, holding a bottle of whiskey which I went home with and promptly drank empty.
If we recall in the months preceding the 2016 US elections two events happened:
In the long decade since that night in 2016 I have been down a similar rabbit hole to what LCpl_X had been on, though have managed to keep myself grounded, and to be quite honest what seemed conspiracy theory turned out to be true in small or large degree — conspiracy theories after all are often based on kernels of truth with unfalsifiable data intermixed with the verifiable.
In March 2018 the former Cambridge Analytica research director Christopher Wylie came out as a whistleblower, enabling investigative reporting by The Guardian (UK) and The New York Times (US). Later Rappler (PH) published a series of investigations on the Philippines aspects of the Cambridge Analytica scandal.
It is well known that the operative Steve Bannon along with the retired general Michael Flynn and a host of unsavory cutout characters like the nominal “Green candidate” Jill Stein to the operative Paul Manafort that there was some connection with Putin’s Russia and Xi’s China. I mean, the latter 3 were literally placed at the same table with Putin at a Russian state dinner. There is also the connections to the Russian ally Viktor Orban’s Hungary in the authoritarian nexus, which Bannon plays a large role in exporting to the West.
With the first Epstein dumps in late 2025 and the second Epstein dump in early 2026 there is evidentiary proof that Bannon had communications with the notorious pedophile and financier Jeffrey Epstein, the Bannon-Epstein connection first being rumored in 2018 following the fallout of Cambridge Analytica. There are hints that the cabal of global financiers and authoritarians in the Middle East, Russia, China and their proxies had a hand in the 2008 global financial crisis.
It appears that Epstein’s network had a role in facilitating Russian information and pyschological operations that pioneered memetic warfare in digital spaces, especially social media, and defined as:
The Philippines was one of the pilot countries for Facebook’s so-called Internet.org initiative which provided zero-rated (i.e. free) basic Facebook access (“Facebook Free Basics,” a.k.a. “Free Facebook”), initially through an exclusive Globe partnership in 2013 before expanding to Smart in 2015 then smaller mobile providers. For many Filipinos who rushed out to buy the cheap Chinese Androids being dumped on the Philippines market around that period, “Free Facebook” became the Internet itself.
By Singaporean research firm We Are Social’s Digital 2016: Global Digital Overview , published in January 2016 based on Y2015 data analytics, Filipinos were spending the most time on social media per day in the world — at around 3.7 hours a day of social media screen time. There were multiple articles at the time in all major Philippine media boasting this fact as a big “win” for Filipinos because the Philippines was on top! Or something like that.
In 2025 Filipinos spent on average 8.9 hours per day on social media…
The commenter Mike who you mentioned left two sequential comments then disappeared again back in 2017 could have not known the details of the 2018 Cambridge Analytica revelations or the recent 2025-2026 Epstein revelations. For convenience I have lined up Mike’s comments with the timeline known from investigative journalist reports:
The Philippine Petri Dish: https://claude.ai/public/artifacts/045e8323-9ac9-4b93-9213-d08167c5f2e1
The Philippines is a country of nominal English speakers that is Western-aligned with an imperfect but Western-style system of government. On the other hand, the Philippines has vasty undereducated Filipino citizens and consistently failed at deliverying government services. The Philippines officially bans so-called illegal drugs, some that are not even dangerous like marijuana, yet allows undereducated and underequipped in critical thinking citizens with plenty of vacant time due to lack of employment access to the most powerful drug — a piece of metal, plastic, and glass held in the hand that provides instant and personalized validation and source of ragebait. Every home is an opium den and every underserved Filipino is vulnerable to becoming an addict.
The Philippines, being the first target, never had a chance against this new form of deployed memetic warfare. Much more robust democracies in the UK and US also fell to what was practiced and refined beforehand in the Philippines. All is tied back to the greed and decadence of a globalized shadow. But now that some light has started to shine on the perpetrators and their global networks working hand-in-hand with authoritarian dictatorships, I think democracies are starting to discover the tools to fight back. Orban falling in Hungary is the first welcome sign.
I asked Claude to map the HSC to the present situation with Bato and this came out:
I also asked whether the HSC is self-sustaining in that it keeps preventing progress toward something better but I leave that answer to history..
Senators at-large functionally means senators that don’t need to care about any particular constituents. A massive mistake methinks for the 1987 Constitution to set at-large districts once again after Marcos Sr. did the Philippines a favor by abolishing the practice (indirectly by establishing the unicameral National Assembly). It’s preposterous there are multiple senators who are siblings/family members, even if two (the Tulfos) are allies.
For politicians who must deal with constituencies… they voted overwhelmingly for impeaching Sara, even in Visayas and Mindanao.
https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/728740/visayas-mindanao-back-sara-duterte-impeachment-push-ridon
I have also noticed that the DDS troll army after a period of relative quiet is back out in full force insulting people in news story comment sections… the millenarian tradition in the Philippines that created HSC also whipped followers into a frenzy until they believed that anting-anting could protect against literal bullets. I think Marcos Jr. is and the now-minority Senators are smart to play it deliberately rather than emotionally. Evidence might not convince the truly mentally gone, but it may convince a majority of Filipinos who seem to be getting (a bit) tired of the Dutertes. FWIW a few acquaintances who used to post Duterte memes are now posting anti-Bato, anti-Padilla memes.
just for the record, five associate justices of the supreme court voted to give bato the tro, nine voted against, and one abstained. the five who voted for, their names are repressed as of now, considering majority of the justices of the supreme court were appointees of ex pres duterte.
bato is now considered fugitive and being manhunted by kapolisan, presumably to be handed to ICC. that could well mean, there is one less vote on sara’s impeachment. though senator marcoleta insist bato can attend impeachment deliberations online and vote online as well. but prosecutor gerville luistro strongly insist bato be fully present in person at the deliberations to hear for himself the cases for and against. for bato to continue to hide and vote only online is unbecoming of his being an impeachment judge weighing all the pros and the cons presented, not a deepfake AI imitation of bato pretending to be online.
It looks like the Senate minority is opposing the Senate rule change to allow remote voting proposed by the Duterte bloc.
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/2232512/minority-bloc-nixes-bid-to-let-dela-rosa-join-impeach-trial-online
A netizen vibecoded a webgame, “Senate Run,” that is currently trending on pinoy socmed. The comments below the shares are savage and seem to be more energetic and organic than the DDS trolls that are now appearing in newspaper comment sections again.
https://senate-run.jopel.app/