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Heroes, Villains, and the Burden of Perspective in Philippine Political Life

By Karl Garcia Philippine political discourse has long been shaped by moral binaries. Individuals and movements are frequently cast as heroes or villains, rebels or revolutionaries, patriots or threats. Yet beneath these labels lies a more complex reality: perception is inseparable from perspective. History, geography, class, trauma, and memory all shape how Filipinos interpret power, … Continue reading

Vote Buying, Patronage Politics, and the Limits of Voter Education

By Karl Garcia Vote buying is often explained in moral terms: corrupt politicians offer money, voters accept it, democracy suffers. Yet our discussion reveals a more complex reality. Vote buying persists not simply because voters lack education or critical thinking, but because it is embedded in a system shaped by economic vulnerability, political incentives, weak … Continue reading

IMELDA AND MANILA: LANDSCAPE, POWER, AND URBAN CHANGE IN THE PHILIPPINES

By Karl Garcia Introduction Urban landscapes are physical records of political choice. Architecture, infrastructure, cultural investments, and spatial organization are shaped not only by technical planning principles but also by governance structures, ideology, and institutional capacity. In the Philippines, Manila’s transformation during the Marcos era (1965–1986) remains one of the most debated examples of how … Continue reading

Inheritance Without Guilt: Power, Memory, Marcos, and the Limits of Justice

By Karl Garcia I. The Problem of Responsibility Across Time Modern societies periodically confront a difficult question: to what extent should responsibility for past wrongdoing extend across generations? This arises whenever contemporary figures are connected—by office, institution, or lineage—to historical crimes. Examples include calls for apologies related to colonial slavery, wartime atrocities, or authoritarian rule. … Continue reading

Survive or Perish: AI, Credibility, and the Philippine Context

By Karl Garcia The rise of artificial intelligence (AI) is not merely a technological shift. It is a systemic stress test for institutions, industries, and entire national ecosystems. AI forces a hard question: Who can adapt — and who will be left behind? But beneath the rhetoric of innovation lies a deeper truth often ignored … Continue reading